base-buster/Dockerfile: Use https scheme in all extra apt repositories
It should fix docker image builds as the following error was reported:
Failed to fetch http://www.apache.org/dist/cassandra/debian/dists/40x/InRelease
Could not connect to downloads.apache.org:443 (88.99.95.219), connection timed out
Migrated from D8628 (view on Phabricator)